Louis XIV and Cardinal Mazarin: (1643 – 1715)
In 1643 Louis XIII’s son became Louis XIV who would rule France until his death 72 years later. Because of his famous reign, Louis XIV is recognized as the most powerful monarch ever. Due to his young age, Cardinal Mazarin, the Chief Administer, assumed the responsibility of ruling France up until his death in 1661. In 1661 the now 23-year old Louis XIV announced that he would rule his own government. He claimed that he was given the divine right by god to rule France and named himself the “Sun King”, for he was the light that shines upon France. Louis XIV epitomized what an absolute monarch is supposed to be, and he often repeated the phrase “L’etat, c’est moi” – “I am the state.”
Palace of Versailles:
For protection from a possible civilian uprising, Louis XIV decided to live outside of Paris. Louis moved his government to Versailles ), where he would construct the Palace of Versailles. This palace became the symbol of Louis XIV and French absolutism. Nearly all of the people that lived in Versailles were nobles. Instead of using nobles for government service, Louis used them to wait on him hand and foot. The nobles remained happy because Louis provided them with a beautiful home, protection, and a huge tax break.
Louis XIV’s Successes:
Louis XIV had a lot of great accomplishments during his reign. He turned France’s army into the strongest in Europe. Louis XIV also created much wealth for France by strengthening its economy through the promotion of trade and industry. The strength of Louis XIV’s economy lie in his established trading outposts in America and Canada.
Louis XIV’s Failures:
- Louis XIV’s 1st failure was his unfair tax system. He did this by not taxing the nobles and church officials (clergy) and heavily taxing the French peasants.
- A 2nd failure of Louis XIV was his religious beliefs. Louis XIV was a devout Catholic who wanted to crush the Protestant faith In 1685 Louis XIV repealed the Edict of Nantes, which granted Huguenots religious freedom . Louis XIV also made it a law that Huguenots could no longer practice their religion. The result of this was the emigration of 200,000 Huguenots. Huguenots were very active in trade and commerce, and were a huge part of the prosperous French economy. This loss of economic activity destroyed the French economy.
- Louis XIV 3rd failure was his expansion policy. Louis XIV wanted to use his powerful army to expand the borders of France. For fear of French expansion, many countries allied in opposition to France. Charles II of Spain was going to die without a heir to the throne. Both France and Austria had claims to the Spanish throne, and Europe did not want to see France acquiring the Spanish throne, when Charles II passed his throne to Phillip of Anjou who was Louis XIV’s grandson. From 1701 – 1713 The Great Alliance of the Dutch Netherlands, England, and Austria fought Spain and France in what is known as the War of Spanish Succession. The war ended in 1713 with the Treaty of Utrecht, which stated that Phillip of Anjou could remain the king of Spain, but France and Spain could never unite as one country.
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